Dimensions of Health

• Health is multidimensional.
• World Health Organization explained health in three dimensional physical, mental, social and spiritual.
• Besides these many more may be cited, e.g. emotional, vocational, political, philosophical, cultural, socioeconomic, environmental, educational, nutritional,curative, and preventive.

  

1. Physical Dimensions

• Physical health means perfect functioning of the body in which each organ is working in harmony with the maximum capacity.
• Physical health is achieved by the exercise, healthy diet, adequate rest and sleep and no smoking or alcohol intake.
• To maintain proper physical health there is need for taking safety precautions, and regular follow up with the health care providers.

 Signs of physical health

👉 A good complexion

👉 A clean skin

👉 Bright eyes

👉 Not too fatty

👉 A sweet breath

👉 A good appetite

👉 Sound sleep

👉 Regular activities of bowels and bladder

👉 Smooth, easy, and coordinated bodily movements

2. Mental Dimensions

• Mental health is a state of balance between body and mind. Earlier the body and mind were considered two separate entities.
• But these are interrelated as physical illness can result mental illness and vice versa.

How mental illness influence physical health has been shown in figure;

3. Social Dimensions

                                      An individual is socially healthy if he is able to maintain harmonious relationship with other members of society in which he lives.

                                      Social health rooted in "Positive material environment" and "Positive human environment" which is concerned with the social network of the individual.

The social dimensions oh health includes:

• Communication
• Intimacy
• Respect
• Equality
• Social functioning

4. Spiritual Dimensions

• Spiritually means in touch with deeper self and exploration the purpose of life, as people believe in some force that transcend physiology of human beings.
• It includes love, charity, purpose, principles, ethics, intigrity, hope of life.
• Meditations, prayers, or spiritual gatherings are organized to maintain spiritual health.

  

5. Emotional Dimensions

• Emotional health is closely related to the mental health and considered as an important element of health.
• Mental and emotional aspects of health are now viewed as two separate entities for human life.
• Cognition is related to the mental health whereas emotional health is related to the feelings of a person.

Emotional health includes:

👉 An emotionally healthy person has a positive thinking and is capable of coping and adjusting self.

👉 An emotionally health person participates in all the activities which are related to personal growth and his self esteem.

👉 Emotionally well people have the ability to express feelings freely and manage feelings effectively.

👉 They are also aware of and accept a wide range of feelings in themselves and others.

6. Vocational dimensions

• The choice of profession, job satisfaction, career ambitions and personal performance are all important components of this dimension.
• To be occupationally well, a person is ultimately doing exactly with what they want to do in life and are comfortable with their future plans.

Vocational dimension of health can be assessed by:

• Assessing the satisfaction  level at job
• Facilities attached to the job 
• Behaviour of the management and administrator and of colleagues at job

    

7. Other Dimensions

              A few other dimensions also suggested such as:

• Cultural dimensions
• Socio-economic dimensions
• Environmental dimensions
• Educational dimensions
• Nutritional dimensions
• Preventive dimensions

Vaccine

 Introduction

                                "A vaccine is a non-pathogenic antigen that mimics a particular pathogen in order to elicit an immune response as if that actual pathogen were in the body". 

Types of Vaccines

1. Live Attenuated vaccines 

• Viral such as measles, mumps, rubella, oral polio and rota virus 
• Bacterial such as BCG

2. Inactivated vaccines

• Whole Cell vaccine

  -Viral such as Hepatitis A, polio and rabies 

  - Bacterial such as pertussis

• Fractional

1. Protein Based

                           Toxoid such as diphtheria, tetanus, sub-unit such as hepatitis B

2. Polysaccharide Based

                           Pure such as pneumococcal and meningococcal vaccines conjugate such as Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine.

  

The Expanded Program on Immunization(EPI)

 Introduction

Immunization

                     "Immunization is the process where by a person is made immune or resistant to an infection, typically by administration of vaccines".

Immunization is a proven tool for controlling and elimination life-resistant to an infectious disease.

The Expanded Program on Immunization(EPI)

               The expanded program on immunization(EPI) was established in 1974 through a World Health Assembly resolution to build on the success of the global smallpox eradication programme, and to ensure that all children in all countries benefited from life-saving vaccines. 

Objectives

               The expanded program on immunization, the who's initiative to improve immunization coverage, focuses on the following four items:

• Standardizing immunization schedules
• Promoting safe infection technologies 
• Improving the stocking and availability of vaccines 
• Protecting vaccines potency through cold chain management 
• To increase coverage of immunization for eligible children 
• To reduce the incidence of immunizable diseases among children below five years of age
• Eradication of polio to maintain polio free status

 

• Elimination of measles

• Reduce Incidence of Hepatitis B 
  
  

• Elimination of Neonatal Tetanus

• Maintain zero level of diphtheria

• Prevention of severe forms of TB (TB meningitis and Military TB)

• Reduce the incidence of whooping cough

 

• Reduce the incidence of Bacteria Meningitis due to haemophelus influenza       

The Immune System

Immunity

                     Ability of an organism to recognize and defend itself against specific pathogens or antigens.

Immune Response

                  Involves production of antibodies and generation of specialized lymphocytes against specific antigens.

Antigen

           Molecules from a pathogen or foreign organism that provoke a specific immune response.

Types of immunity

• Innate or natural immunity

                              The immunity in which an organism is born with.

• Acquired immunity

                                Immunity that an organism develops during life time.

It may be:

• Naturally
• Artificially

 

Types of Acquired Immunity

 

 

                       

FDA Nutritional Requirements

 

Nutrition and Diet. If you wanna learn about Nutrition and Diet. Then this is right place for you. Because, here i will explain you about Nutrition values and  daily Nutrition and Diet requirements..

Introduction to Nutrition and Diet

                                                  Nutrition and Diet are fundamental in maintaining the general and oral health of populations. Nutrition and Diet can be described as:

Nutrition

            "Nutrition is the science of food and its relationship to health".

Diet

      "Total oral intake of a substance that provides nourishment".

 Daily Nutritional Needs

                                      When you're reading about nutrition, you'll often see a variety of terms used to refer to your daily nutritional needs. These terms are issued by multiple bodies, including the Food and Nutrition Board or the Food and Drug Administration, or FDA. A few common labels you may have seen on nutritional information include:

• Recommended Dietary Allowance 
• Dietary Reference Intake
• Adequate Intake
• Daily Value

 Daily Nutritional Requirement Labels

                                      The FDA mandates the contents of what it calls the "Nutrition Facts Label". These labels on the backs of food packages must list certain nutrients.

The elements include:

• Total fat, as well as specific amounts of saturated fat and trans fat
• Total carbohydrates, as well as specific amounts of fiber and sugars
• Protein
• Cholesterol
• Vitamin A
• Vitamin C
• Calcium
• Iron 
• Sodium

  Daily Nutritional Requirements for Micro-nutrients

                              The FDA sets individual daily nutrition requirements for vitamins and minerals, which is classed as Miro-nutrients. 

These Micro-nutrients for vitamins include:

• 5000 international units of vitamin A
• 1.5 milligrams of thiamine(vitamin B1) 
• 1.7 milligrams of riboflavin(vitamin B2)
• 20 milligrams of niacin(Vitamin B3)
• 10 milligrams of pantothenic acid(vitamin B5)
• 2 milligrams of vitamin B6 
• 300 micro-grams of biotin(vitamin B7)
• 400 micro-grams of folate (vitamin B9)
• 6 micro-grams of vitamin B12 
• 60 milligrams of vitamin C
• 400 international units of vitamin D
• 30 international units of vitamin E
• 80 micro-grams of vitamin K 

The Micro-nutrients for minerals include:

• 1000 milligrams of calcium 
• 3,400 milligrams of chloride 
• 120 micro-grams of chromium
• 2 milligrams of copper
• 150 micro-grams of iodine
• 18 milligrams of iron
• 400 milligrams of magnesium 
• 2 milligrams of manganese
• 75 micro-grams of molybdenum
• 1,000 milligrams of phosphorus
• 3,500 milligrams of potassium
• 70 micro-grams of selenium
• 2,400 milligrams of sodium
• 15 milligrams of zinc  

Daily Nutritional Requirements for Macro-nutrients

                                     In addition to creating  DVs for all the vitamins and minerals people ingest, the FDA has also created DVs for the three essential macro-nutrients. These DVs includes:

• Total Fat: The DV for total fat consumption is 65 grams per day. Within this amount of total fat are monounsaturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, saturated fat and trans fat. The DV for saturated fat is less than 20 grams per day.
• Total Carbohydrates: The DV for total carbohydrates consumption is 300 grams per day. Within this amount of total carbohydrates are also sugars, sugar alcohols, soluble fiber and insoluble fiber. Sugars can refer to natural sugars, like in fruit, or added sugars, such as those in candies and desserts.
• Protein: The DV for protein is 50 grams. Finally, there's also cholesterol. This isn't a macro-nutrient, but it's usually associated with protein and fat, especially saturated fat. Essentially, cholesterol is associated with animal products.

      

 

Mental Health

 Definition

According to the World Health Organization(WHO);

                        "Mental Health is a state of mental well-being that enables people to cope with the stresses of life, realize their abilities, learn well and work well, and contribute to their community".

In United States:

                        In the United States, the National Alliance on Mental Illness estimates that almost 1 in 5 adults experience mental health problems each year.

                         In 2020, an estimated 14.2 million adults in the U.S, or about 5.6%, had a serious psychological condition, according to the National Institute of Mental Health.

Risk Factors

                               The researchers also described flexible(modifiable) and inflexible(non modifiable) factors that effect the availability and quality of mental health treatment for  certain groups.

Mental Health Disorders

                                                               Specific mental disorders are grouped together due to features they have in common. Some types of mental illness are as fellows:

• Anxiety Disorders
• Mood Disorders
• Schizophrenia disorders

  Signs

        People should look out foe the following as possible signs of a mental health disorder:

• withdrawing from friends, family, and colleagues
• avoiding activities the would normally enjoy
• sleeping too much or too little
• eating too much or too little
• feeling hopeless
• having consistently low energy
• using mood-altering substances
• displaying negative emotions
• being confused
• hearing voices
• experiencing delusions

Diagnosis

               Diagnosing a mental health disorder requires a multi-step process. A doctor may begin by looking at a person's medical history and performing a thorough physical exam to rule out physical conditions or issues that may be causing the symptoms.

 

Treatment

                        There are various methods for managing mental health problems. Treatment

highly individual, and what works for one person may not work for another.

Below some treatment options for people with mental ill health:

• Psychology, or Talking therapies
• Medication
• self-help

                          

  

                           

Communicable Diseases

Definition

               Communicable diseases are illness that spread from one person to another or from an animal to a person, or from a surface or a food. 

Also known as infectious diseases or transmissible diseases.

List of Communicable Diseases

                       

Transmission

                    A communicable disease is one that spread;

• from one person to another
• contact with blood and bodily fluids
• breathing in an airborne virus
• by being bitten by an insect

Symptoms

• Fever
• Diarrhea
• Fatigue
• Muscle aches
• Coughing

Causes

Communicable diseases can be caused by;

• Bacteria are one-cell organisms are responsible for illness such as strep throat, urinary tract infections and tuberculosis.
• Viruses even smaller than bacteria, viruses cause a multitude of diseases ranging from the common cold to AIDS.
• Fungi many skin diseases, such as ringworm and athlete's foot, are caused by fungi. Other types of fungi can infect your lungs or nervous system.
• Parasites malaria is caused by a tiny parasite that is transmitted by a mosquito bite. Other parasites may be transmitted to humans from animal feces.

Prevention

• wash your hands
• get vaccinated
• stay home when ill
• prepare food safety
• practice safe sex
• don't share personal items
• travel wisely

                   

Role of Epidemiology in Public Health

 Epidemiology

                                       "Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the distribution, patterns and determinants of health and disease conditions in a defined population".

Epidemiologists

                                     "A person who studies or is an expert in the branch of medicine which deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases".

Distribution

                              Epidemiology is concerned with the frequency and pattern of health events in a population.

Frequency 

                Frequency refers not only to the number of health events such as the number of cases of meningitis or diabetes in a population, but also to the relationship of that number to the size of the population. 

Pattern   

              Pattern refers to the occurrence of health-related events by time, place, and person. time patterns may be annual, seasonal, weekly, daily, hourly, weekday versus weekend, or any other breakdown of time that may influence disease or injury occurrence.

Role of Epidemiology in Public Health

                         

Functions

              In the mid-1980, five major tasks of epidemiology in public health practice were identified; 

Public Health surveillance 

                                       Public Health surveillance is the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health data to help guide public health decision making and action. Surveillance is equivalent to monitoring the pulse of the community.

Field Investigation 

                           One of the first actions that results from a surveillance case report or report of cluster is investigation by the public health department. The investigation may be as limited as a phone call to the health-care provider to confirm or clarify the circumstances of the reported case, or it may involve a field investigation requiring the coordinated efforts of dozens of people to characterize the extent of an epidemic and to identify its cause.

Analytic Studies 

                        The hallmark of an analytic epidemiologic study is the use of valid comparison group. Epidemiologists must be skilled in all aspects of such studies, including design, conduct, analysis, interpretation, and communication of findings.

• Design includes determining the appropriate research strategy and study design, writing justifications and protocols, calculating sample sizes, deciding on criteria for subject selection, choosing an appropriate comparison group, and designing questionnaires.
• Conduct involves securing appropriate clearances and approvals, adhering to appropriate ethical principles, abstracting records, tracking down and interviewing subjects, collecting and handling specimens, and managing the idea.
• Analysis begins with describing the characteristics of the subjects. It progresses to calculation of rates, creation of comparative tables, and computation of measure of association, tests of significance, confidence intervals, and the like.
• Finally, interpretation involves putting the study findings into perspective, identifying the key take-home messages, and making sound recommendations. Doing so requires that the epidemiologist be knowledgeable about the subject matter and the strengths and weaknesses of the study.

 Evaluation

                 Evaluation is the process of determining as systematically and objectively as possible, the relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, and impact of activities with respect to established goals.

• Effectiveness refers to the ability of a program to produce the intended or expected results in the field; effectiveness differs from efficacy, which is the ability to produce results under ideal conditions.
• Efficiency refers to the ability of the program to produce the intended results with a minimum expenditure of  time and resources.

Linkages

             Other team members may be laboratorians, sanitarians, infection control personnel, nurses or other clinical staff, and increasingly, computer information specialists. Many outbreaks cross geographical and jurisdictional lines, so co-investigators may be from local,state, or federal levels of government, academic institutions, clinical facilities, or the private sector.

Policy Development

                               Indeed, epidemiologists who understand a problem and the population in which it occurs are often in a uniquely qualified position to recommended appropriate interventions. As a result,epidemiologists working in public health regularly provide input, testimony, and recommendations regarding disease control strategies, re-portable disease regulations, and health-care policy.